Posts tonen met het label academic writing. Alle posts tonen
Posts tonen met het label academic writing. Alle posts tonen

woensdag 5 december 2012

Latin abbreviations

APA has provided this list, where you'll find that a.o.:
  • E.g. = exempli gratia = for example
  • I.e. = id est = that is
  • Cf. = confer = compare with
  • Etc. = et cetera = and so on
  • Well... et cetera.
Moreover, we should use al of these abbreviation only within parentheses (and footnotes maybe). Except for et al. (et alii), which is used all over the place. And mind you, when you use these abbreviations, there is no need to italicize!

Some more words of warning from the gentle folks at Sussex. Not.
And from Europe! Here.

vrijdag 21 september 2012

Labour Stats goes through a linguistic crisis

I thought about changing the name of this blog to 'Labor Stats'. Decent American spelling. It is said to be more logical. But just how logical do languages have to be? Does logic imply internal consistency, respecting etymology or rather streamlining common practice? Then which spelling is preferable: Merriam-Webster, Cambridge Dictionary, Oxford English Dictionary, BBC practice, MS Worst?

Having studied classical languages, I first considered etymology and the infamous -ising/-izing debate. The Greek ending is -idzein, Latin -izare. So why making it French when it isn't? Even old English uses the -izing form, although mixed with the s-spelling. There are other similar cases. Color is Latin too, it means colour. Why not simply write it the way it has always been (like the Americans do)? Merriam-Webster is on your side.

Second: internal consistency. Humour leads to humorous. We could spell it humor right away. It is more logical, easier for foreigners. In particular I like the use of the suffix -ize for everything you 'make'. That keeps you from writing analize, unless you have perverse motives. It is analyse or analyze. There's a preference for the former, because it comes from analysis-ize, largely omitting the suffix. Common British spelling (en-UK) thinks about it differently.

Etymology and consistency. Jolly good, but we may not forget that language is an independent cultural object. Even strict grammar and spelling rules cannot enter the living room of people and decided what dialect they speak, words they take up. During some period of time, French has influenced English. It has changed words English already had, and introduced words that have a history before they were French. These words had a history before they were Latin or Greek too. It is a cultural bias to assume civilization started 1000 BC. Maybe writing did, but then again this must have been more evolutionary than revolutionary. If you study classical languages, you quickly learn a new vocabulary for every Greek poet you read. Don't try to find the original writings, cause you will not even understand most signs.

This is exactly why I keep Labour in Labour Stats. It looks familiar, it has history and it's not that far from logical. If English would evolve towards 'labor', I would not mind at all, but for the time being labour ends on -our, error on -or and labourer on -er. It has been different before and it will be in the future, but the changes are minor and reflect the history of a word.

Then again, when the European Union tries to -ise English, primarily to please the French, I will first oppose. For me, the Oxford English Dictionary is a way more important authority that nicely balances logic, etymology and consistency. It interacts with language as it is used, without standardizing fads. Here is someone who agrees.

P.S. Don't try to make Microsoft Office talk Oxford English. You just bumped into the limits of closed source software.

vrijdag 31 augustus 2012

Landencodes (country codes)

Nummerplaten, WK-voetbal, statistieken, ... landennamen worden op verschillende manieren afgekort. En nu eens is Griekenland EL (wat trouwens komt van Hellas), dan weer GR. Duitsland is DE (Deutschland), maar Albanië AL, terwijl het land in de eigen taal Shqipëria heet.

Dus hebben we nood aan standaarden. En standaarden, daarvoor moet je bij de ISO zijn. Van vijzen over branddeuren tot landencodes. De standaard is ISO 3166. Het officiële document kost een aardige stuiver, maar gelukkig hebben we de piraten van Wikipedia, waar de twee- en drielettercodering gewoon gratis te vinden is.

Rest ons enkel consistent deze afkortingen te gebruiken.

vrijdag 25 maart 2011

Academic writing: citations

What do I do with DOI? Include it in te APA reference! http://library.nmu.edu/guides/userguides/style_apa.htm#withDOI

Academic writing: idioms and hyphenations

Because sometimes one wonders what can pass and what not:


Britisch vs. American English

I expand on this elsewhere.

Idioms

In the remainder = vanaf nu
Strikings findings = opvallende vaststellingen
The most novel contribution = de laatste bijdrage
To hold (true) = opgaan voor, waar zijn, waar blijven

Hyphenate or not?

With hyphen

Blue-collar
White-coller
High-level
Low-schooled
Co-ordination (for some old fashioned folks, also at the conservative oed.com)

And most adverbs that specify an adjective.
Far-stretching results, for example.

Without hyphen

Anything that is clear without hyphen.

Coordination (if you rock)

Adverbs with -ly suffix. For example: collectively agreed wages.

Noun noun combinations: For example: a car garage.